|
WWII Tech Pubs Briefing
Written by
Michael Hyde
Douglas DB7s of Groupement 2 take
part in frantic attacks on Wermacht motor transport streaming west towards
the heart of France, May 31st 1940. The German attack came as the Armée
de l'Air converted to the fast modern American bomber, intended to replace
the obsolete aircraft still in service. However, only 60 were operational
in time to participate in the defence of France and following the French
collapse, all the remaining aircraft were transfered to the RAF.
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Country of Origin:
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United States of America
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Manufacturer:
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Douglas Aircraft, El Segunda, California
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Major Variants:
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7B, DB-7, DB-7A, DB-7B, A-20A, A-20B,
A-20C, A-20D, A-20G, A-20H, A20-J/K, F-3, P-70
|
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Role:
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Attack Bomber, Night-fighter, Photographic
Reconnaissance, Night-fighter trainer.
|
|
Operated by:
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USA, Britain, France, Netherlands,
Canada, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Union, Brazil, New Zealand.
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First Flight:
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7B, 26 October 1938; DB-7, 17 August
1939.
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In Service:
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January, 1940, Casablanca, Armée
de l’Air, Groupe de Bombardement GB I/19.
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Number Built:
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7,478
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Overview
The DB-7/A-20 started life in 1936
as a private design concept by Jack Northrop and Ed Heinemann for an attack
and observation bomber with a crew of three, twin 425 hp Pratt and Whitney
R-985 Wasp Jr. radial engines, high wings and tricycle undercarriage designated
7A. The design was altered by a team led by Weidenheimer in late 1937
to meet a US Army requirement for an attack bomber able to lift a 1,200
lb 545 kg bomb load over a 1,200 ml 1,932
km range and became the 7B.
One prototype 7B was built, and
although it crashed while being demonstrated to a French weapons-purchasing
mission on 23 January, 1939, the French still placed an initial order
for 100 modified aircraft. This type was designated DB-7 and had mid-wings;
a larger fuselage; two 1,000 hp Pratt and Whitney R-1830-SC3-G radials;
four forward firing 7.5 mm 0.3 in machine
guns; a dorsal and a ventral flexibly-mounted machine gun of the same
calibre; and French instrumentation and accessories. This order was increased
by 170 in October 1939 with the later aircraft having 1,100 hp Pratt and
Whitney R-1830-S3C4-G engines. France only commissioned 70 DB-7s into
service, and flew 70 combat sorties before surrender, with the balance
of aircraft being diverted to Britain and operated as night-fighters under
the name Havoc I.
In October 1939 France ordered 100
further modified aircraft with two 1,600 hp Wright R-2600-A5B engines
and minor structural changes and designated as DB-7A. None of these were
delivered due to the surrender and all were operated by Britain as Havoc
II night-fighters.
The British then ordered 300 DB-7Bs
with minor structural changes and British instrumentation and equipment.
These were operated by the RAF as Boston IIIs. The French also ordered
480 of this type calling it DB-73 - differing only in having French instrumentation.
This last order was in May 1940 and all the French aircraft were completed
to Boston III standard, with some being retained by the USAAF, and many
being supplied to Britain under Lend-Lease who passed some on to Commonwealth
air forces. Boston IIIs had greater range and more armour than earlier
models, and were also fitted with self-sealing fuel tanks. A batch of
48 DB-7C aircraft ordered by the Netherlands East Indies Navy were similar
to the DB-7B but included torpedo carrying capacity, and a life-raft installation.
The first USAAF order, on 30 June
1939, was for the A-20 model fitted with 1,700 hp, turbosupercharged Wright
R-2600-7 engines. This engine was a failure and the A-20 was abandoned
on the assembly line, to be superceded by the A-20A with 1,600 hp Wright
R-2600-11 engines. These latter aircraft entered service in early 1941.
The type was steadily improved through to the A-20K model by the addition
of more fuel capacity, armour, more powerful engines, and installation
of .50 in 12.5 mm machine guns in both fixed
and flexible positions. The A-20G was built in the largest numbers. Field
modifications added up to 8 50 in 12.5 mm
machine guns in the bombardier’s position creating a very powerful ground-attack
weapon. Some of these later models were supplied to Britain and operated
as Boston IV and V.
In USAAF service, the P-70 series
were used as night-fighters and for night-fighter training, and the F-3
series were developed in small numbers as night photographic-reconnaissance
aircraft using flash-bombs.
More than 3,000 A-20s were supplied
to the Soviet Union, and although little is known about their operational
history, some are known to have been fitted with a powered dorsal turret.
Bostons operated by the RAF and SAAF played an important in the Mediterranean
theatre, and those of the USAAF Fifth Air Force and the RAAF were used
with deadly effect against the Japanese in the South-west Pacific theatre.
In the Battle of the Bismarck Sea in March 1943, A-20s were instrumental
in the destruction of a Japanese reinforcement convoy which ended Japanese
aspirations in New Guinea. Paradoxically, the Japanese Army itself also
test flew at least one example of a DB-7C captured in the Netherlands
East Indies. Sixteen aircraft ordered by Belgium were not delivered before
Germany over-ran the country.
Pilots reported the A-20 as superb
to fly, with the feel of a single-seat fighter, and with very good handling
and performance. The equipment was reliable and efficient, and the pilots’
view excellent. Minor drawbacks were the runway length needed to achieve
the 110 mph 177 kph lift-off speed, and careful
braking required in landing. The narrow fuselage also prevented the crew
from changing position, or assisting each other if required.
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Variants
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Type
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Number Built
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Remarks
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Northrop Model 7A
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0
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Unbuilt private design proposal of 1936 with two 425 hp Pratt and
Whitney R-985 Wasp Jr radials, high wings and tricycle undercarriage,
for observation and attack; one forward firing 0.3 in 7.5
mm machine gun; one similar flexible-mount dorsal and ventral
gun; 40 17 lb 7.7 kg bombs.
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Douglas
Model 7B
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1
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First prototype. Model 7A altered to meet a 1937 USAAF requirement
for a twin-engined attack aircraft with a 1,200 ml 1,932
km range with a 1,200 lb 545 kg
bomb load. Two 1,100 hp Pratt and Whitney R-1830-S3C3-G engines
with 370 US galls 1,401 L of fuel.
Provision for glazed nose bombarier position or solid nose cone
with two .50 in 12.5 mm and six 0.3
in 7.5 mm machine guns. Demonstrated
to the French.
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DB-7
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270
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First production model ordered by France. Two 1,000 hp Pratt and
Whitney R-1830-SC3-G engines; mid-wing; redesigned larger fuselage;
French-made metric instrumentation; glazed nose for bombardier;
six 7.5 mm 0.3 in machine guns - four
fixed firing forward; one ventral and one dorsal in flexible mounts.
Last 170 aircraft with 1,100 hp Pratt and Whitney R-1830-S3C4-G
engines. Some undelivered aircraft taken over by Britain following
the French Armistice.
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[DB-7] Boston I
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20 converted from DB-7
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Some of the ex-French DB-7 with 1,000 hp Pratt and Whitney R-1830-SC3-G
engines were converted for British use as trainers. Minor modifications
to throttle (reversed action) and instrumentation.
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[DB-7] Boston II
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-
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Tentative designation of later production ex-French DB-7s with
1,100 hp Pratt and Whitney R-1830-S3C4-G engines in British service.
Designation was changed to Havoc I when the aircraft arrived and
all were converted for night-fighting.
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[DB-7] Havoc I Intruder
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some of 181 converted from DB-7
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British conversion of later production ex-French DB-7s with 1,100
hp Pratt and Whitney R-1830-S3C4-G engines, plus some earlier aircraft
with 1,000 hp Pratt and Whitney R-1830-SC3-G engines re-engined
to the R-1830-S3C4-G engines. British instruments and equipment;
glazed nose and 2,400 lb 1,091 kg bomb-load.
Also previously called Moonfighter, Ranger and Havoc
IV. Some of the batch were converted to Havoc I Night fighter
version.
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[DB-7] Havoc I Night fighter
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some of 181 converted from DB-7
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British conversion of later production ex-French DB-7s with 1,100
hp Pratt and Whitney R-1830-S3C4-G engines, plus some earlier aircraft
with 1,000 hp Pratt and Whitney R-1830-SC3-G engines re-engined
to the R-1830-S3C4-G engines. British instruments and equipment;
solid nose and AI Mk IV radar and eight forward-firing .303 in 7.6
mm machine guns. No defensive armament. Crew of two only.
Some of the batch were converted to Havoc I Intruder version.
|
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[DB-7] Havoc I Pandora
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20 converted from Havoc I
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British conversions of Havoc I Intruders. Fitted with a 2,000 ft
610 m cable with bomb attached to be
trailed in the path of enemy bombers. All later reconverted to Intruder
configuration. Originally designated Havoc III.
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[DB-7] Havoc I Turbinlite
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21 converted from Havoc I
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British conversions of Havoc I Night fighters; all armament removed;
radar retained; 2,700 million candlepower searchlight fitted to
allow Hurricane fighter interceptions of enemy bombers. Originally
designated Havoc IV.
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[DB-7] Havoc III
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-
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Original British designation for Havoc I Pandora.
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[DB-7] Havoc IV
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-
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Original British designation for Havoc I Turbinlite
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DB-7A
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100
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Aircraft ordered by France and all taken over by the Britain after
the French Armistice. Fitted with two 1,600 hp Wright R-2600-A5B
radial engines; other changes from DB-7 only minor; added fixed
7.5 mm .30 in mg in each nacelle firing
rearward; tail surface enlargements.
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[DB-7A] Havoc II Night fighter
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61 converted from DB-7A
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Ex-French DB-7As converted to the same British night-fighter standard
as the Havoc I Night-fighter.
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[DB-7A] Havoc II Turbinlite
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39 converted from DB-7A
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Ex-French DB-7As converted to the same British night-fighter standard
as the Havoc I Turbinlite
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DB-7B
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300
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British-ordered DB-7A aircraft with British instrumentation and
systems; two 1,600 hp Wright R-2600-A5B radial engines; lengthened
nose with more trans-parent panels; improved armour and self-sealing
tanks. Fuel increased to394 US galls 1,491
L. British 7.5 mm .303 in mg
fitted. Designated Boston III in service.
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DB-73
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480
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French-ordered version of the DB-7B with French instrumentation
and systems. All were completed to DB-7B (Boston III) standard during
production.
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[DB-7B and DB-73] Boston III
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780 ordered as DB-7B and DB-73
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British designation of the DB-7Bs and DB-73s completed as Boston
IIIs for British service. 213 were retained by the USAAF; 20 were
supplied to the Soviet Union; and some were transferred by Britain
to the RCAF, RAAF and SAAF.
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[DB-7B and DB-73] Boston III Intruder
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some converted from Boston III
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Boston III converted for night intruder operations; additional
armament of four 20 mm .76 in cannon
in a belly-pack
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[DB-7B and DB-73] Boston III Turbinlite
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3
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Boston III converted by removal of armament from a night-fighter
configured aircraft and fitting of a 2,700 million candlepower searchlight.
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DB-7C
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48
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Aircraft ordered for the Netherlands East Indies Navy were DB-7Bs
with torpedo mountings and automatic life-raft; seven 30 in 7.5
mm machine guns with four fixed firing forward; two flexible
dorsal; and one flexible ventral gun; (and possibly one fixed rear-firing
gun in each nacelle). An interchangeable nose installation of four
20 mm .76 in cannon was requested but
not delivered. 20 aircraft were delivered to the East Indies before
surrender to the Japanese. The others were redirected to the Soviet
Union.
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A-20
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1
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USAAF version of the DB-7B with US instrumentation and equipment
and turbosupercharged 1,700 hp Wright R-2600-7 engines; nine 30
in 7.5 mm machine guns with four fixed
firing forward; two flexible dorsal; and one flexible ventral gun;
and one fixed rear-firing gun in each nacelle; gross weight increase
by 3,750 lb 1,701 kg. Engine was unsuccessful
so the balance of the order (62) were built as XF-3; YF-3; and P-70
aircraft.
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A-20A
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143
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First production model for the USAAF; 1,600 hp Wright R-2600-11
engines
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XA-20B
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1 converted from A-20A
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Experimental model to test fitting of three remotely-operated power
turrets.
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A-20B-DL
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999
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A-20A airframe and engines; modified nose glazing; bomb-bay modified;
200 US gall 757 L available as ferry
tank in bomb bay; guns changed to two fixed forward firing and one
flexible dorsal .50 in 12.5 mm machine
guns; one flexible ventral .30 in 7.5 mm
mg; and two nacelle guns fittable. Field fitting of faired-over
nose with four or six .50 in 12.5 mm
machine guns common.
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A-20C-DO
|
808
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Lend-lease DB-7B standard aircraft with US .30 in 7.5
mm mg fitted and individual exhaust stacks on the two 1,600
hp Wright R-2600-23 radial engines. Most to Britain as Boston IIIA,
or the Soviet Union. 56 retained by the USAAF and fitted with torpedo
racks. Later aircraft had a self-sealing fuel tank in the bomb bay
for a total capacity of 540 US gall 2,044
L.
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[A-20C] Boston IIIA
|
|
British designation of A-20C. All had fuel capacity of 540 US gall
2,044 L.
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A-20C-BO
|
140
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A-20C built by Boeing
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A-20D-DO
|
0
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Projected lightweight version with Wright R-2600-7 turbocharged
engines.
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A-20E-DO
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17 converted from A-20A
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A-20A with minor internal changes
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XA-20F-DO
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1 converted A-20A
|
Experimental model to test fitting of two remotely-operated power
turrets and later a forward-firing 37mm cannon.
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A-20G-DO
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2,850
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Two 1,600 hp Wright R-2600-23 radial engines; unglazed nose with
four 20 mm .76 in cannon or with six
.50 in 12.5 mm machine guns; 2,000
lb 980 kg bomb load; extra armour; carburettor de-icing. Some with
fuel capacity of 725 US gall 2,744 L;
dorsal turret with twin .50 in 12.5 mm
machine guns; drop tank; two 500 lb 227 kg bomb wing racks. Many
supplied to the Soviet Union.
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A-20H-DO
|
412
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Late model A-20G with two 1,700 hp Wright R-2600-29 engines.
|
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A-20J-DO
|
231
|
A-20G built as Bomb-leader version with a single-piece transparent
nose cone; Norden bomb sight; two fixed forward firing.50 in 12.5
mm machine guns.
|
|
[A-20J] Boston IV
|
169
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A-20J supplied to Britain under lend-lease.
|
|
A-20K-DO
|
323
|
A-20H built as Bomb-leader version with a single-piece transparent
nose cone; Norden bomb sight; two fixed forward firing.50 in 12.5
mm machine guns.
|
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[A-20K] Boston V
|
90
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A-20K supplied to Britain under lend-lease
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XF-3
|
1
|
Prototype photo reconnaissance variant retaining the turbosupercharged
1,700 hp Wright R-2600-7 engines; T3-A cameras in bomb bay; A-20n
armament retained.
|
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YF-3
|
2
|
Trial photo reconnaissance variant of the XF-3 with a twin .30
in 7.5 mm mg tail turret installed.
|
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F-3A
|
46 converted from A-20J and A-20K
|
Night photo reconnaissance variants of A-20J and A-20K with cameras
displacing the forward firing armament; camera in rear bomb bay;
and photo-flash bombs in forward bomb-bay.
|
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O-53
|
0
|
Heavy observation variant similar to A-20B; 1,489 ordered in 1940
but none were completed before the contract was canceled.
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XP-70
|
1 converted from A-20
|
Prototype night-fighter version of A-20. The turbosupercharged
1,700 hp Wright R-2600-7 engines replaced by 1,600 hp Wright R-2600-11
engines. British AI Mk IV radar; Bomb equipment removed; four 20
mm .76 in cannon in a belly-pack; flexible guns removed.
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P-70
|
59
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Cancelled A-20 airframes built to the specification of the XP-70.
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P-70A-1
|
39 converted from A-20C
|
Night-fighter version of A-20C. Ventral pack with six or eight
forward firing.50 in 12.5 mm machine
guns; improved radar.
|
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P-70A-2
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65 converted from A-20G
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Night-fighter version of A-20G. G-model nose guns retained; flexible
guns removed.
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P-70B-1
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1 converted from A-20G
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Experimental night-fighter version of A-20G with SCR720 radar;
cheek-blisters with three forward firing.50 in 12.5
mm machine guns each.
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P-70B-2
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105 converted from A-20 G and A-20K
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Night-fighter training version of A-20G and A-20K; Ventral pack
with six or eight forward firing.50 in 12.5
mm machine guns sometimes fitted; SCR720 or SCR729 radar.
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BD-1
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1 converted from XF-3
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XF-3 with 1,600 hp Wright R-2600-3 engines transferred to USN for
general duties.
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BD-2
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8 converted from A-20B
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A-20B-DLs transferred to USN for target towing and general duties;
all armament removed.
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Specifications
|
Model
|
Prototype
7B
|
DB-7
Havoc I
|
DB-7A
|
DB-7B
Boston III
|
A-20A
|
|
Dimensions
|
|
Span
|
61 ft 0 in
18.59 m
|
61 ft 3 in
18.67 m
|
61 ft 3 in
18.67 m
|
61 ft 4 in
18.69 m
|
61 ft 4 in
18.69 m
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Length
|
45 ft 5 in
13.84 m
|
47 ft 0 in
14.33m
|
47 ft 0 in
14.33m
|
47 ft 6 in
14.48m
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47 ft 7 in
14.50m
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Height
|
-
|
15 ft 10 in
4.83 m
|
15 ft 10 in
4.83 m
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17 ft 7 in
5.36 m
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17 ft 7 in
5.36 m
|
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Wing area
|
464 sq ft
43.107 sq m
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464 sq ft
43.107 sq m
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464 sq ft
43.107 sq m
|
464 sq ft
43.107 sq m
|
464 sq ft
43.107 sq m
|
|
Powerplant
|
|
Type
|
P & W
R-1830-S3C3-G
|
P & W
R-1830-SC3-G
|
Wright
R-2600-A5B
|
Wright R
2600-A5B
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Wright
R-2600-11
|
|
Cubic Capacity
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Cylinders
|
14
|
14
|
14
|
14
|
14
|
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Horsepower
|
1,100
|
1,000
|
1,600
|
1,600
|
1,600
|
|
Weights and Loads
|
|
Weight (maximum takeoff)
|
15,200 lb
6,895 kg
|
19,040 lb
8,636 kg
|
19,322 lb
8,765 kg
|
19,750 lb
8,958 kg
|
20,711 lb
9,3,94 kg
|
|
Empty weight
|
?
|
11,400 lb
5,171 kg
|
13,674 lb
6,202 kg
|
12,200 lb
5,534 kg
|
15,165 lb
6,879 kg
|
|
Useful load
|
?
|
7,640 lb
3,465 kg
|
5,648 lb
2,567 kg
|
7,550 lb
3,432 kg
|
5,546 lb
2,521 kg
|
|
Performance
|
|
Maximum speed
at [height] mph kph
|
304 484
[5,000 ft]
[1,524 m]
|
295 475
[13,000 ft]
[3,960 m]
|
323 520
[12,800 ft]
[3,900 m]
|
320 515
[11,000 ft]
[3,355 m]
|
347 558
[12,400 ft]
[3,780 m]
|
|
Stalling speed
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Climb height/min
|
-
|
12,000 ft/8
3,658 m/8
|
2,420 ft/1
738 m/1
|
2,000 ft/1
610 m/1
|
10,000 ft/5.1
3,050 m/5.1
|
|
Service ceiling
|
27,600 ft
8,715 m
|
25,800 ft
7,835 m
|
27,680 ft
8,435 m
|
24,500 ft
7,470 m
|
28,175 ft
8,590 m
|
|
Range (combat)
|
1,555 ml
2,503 km
|
996 ml
1,603 km
|
490 ml
789 km
|
1,240 ml
1,996 km
|
525 ml
845 km
|
|
Model
|
A-20C
Boston IIIA
|
A-20G-20
|
P-70
|
|
Dimensions
|
|
Span
|
61 ft 4 in
18.69 m
|
61 ft 4 in
18.69 m
|
61 ft 4 in
18.69 m
|
|
Length
|
47 ft 3.5 in
14.42m
|
48 ft 0 in
14.63m
|
47 ft 7 in
14.50m
|
|
Height
|
17 ft 7 in
5.36 m
|
17 ft 7 in
5.36 m
|
17 ft 7 in
5.36 m
|
|
Wing area
|
464 sq ft
43.107 sq m
|
464 sq ft
43.107 sq m
|
464 sq ft
43.107 sq m
|
|
Powerplant
|
|
Type
|
Wright
R-2600-23
|
Wright
R-2600-23
|
Wright
R-2600-11
|
|
Cubic Capacity
|
|
|
|
|
Cylinders
|
14
|
14
|
14
|
|
Horsepower
|
1,600
|
1,600
|
1,600
|
|
Weights and Loads
|
|
Weight (maximum takeoff)
|
21,500 lb
9,752 kg
|
24,127 lb
10,964 kg
|
21,264 lb
9,645 kg
|
|
Weight empty
|
15,090 lb
6,845 kg
|
16,993 lb
7,708 kg
|
16,031 lb
7,272 kg
|
|
Useful load
|
6,410 lb
2,914 kg
|
7,134 lb
3,243 kg
|
5,233 lb
2,379 kg
|
|
Performance
|
|
Maximum speed
at [height] mph kph
|
342 552
[13,000 ft]
[3,960 m]
|
317 510
[10,700 ft]
[3,260 m]
|
329 529
[14,000 ft]
[4,269 m]
|
|
Stalling speed
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Climb height/min
|
10,000 ft/6.3
3,050 m/6.3
|
10,000 ft/8.8
3,050 m/8.8
|
12,000 ft/8
3,658 m/6.3
|
|
Service ceiling
|
25,000 ft
7,720 m
|
25,000 ft
7,720 m
|
25,000 ft
7,720 m
|
|
Range (combat)
|
745 ml
1,199 km
|
945 ml
1,521 km
|
1,060 ml
1,706 km
|
|
Armament
|
|
Model
|
fixed nose guns
|
flexible dorsal guns
|
flexible ventral guns
|
fixed nacelle guns
|
bomb load
|
|
Prototype
7B
|
2 x 0.50 in 12.5 mm
6 x 0.30 in 7.5 mm
|
1 x 0.30 in 7.5 mm
|
1 x 0.30 in 7.5 mm
|
-
|
Normal 1,560 lb 708 kg
Max. 2,000 lb 908 kg
|
|
DB-7
|
4 x 7.5 mm 0.30 in
|
1 x 7.5 mm 0.30 in
|
1 x 7.5 mm 0.30 in
|
-
|
Normal 1,411 lb 640 kg
Max. 1,764 lb 800 kg
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Havoc I night-fighter
|
8 x 0.303 in 7.5 mm
|
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-
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DB-7A
|
4 x 7.5 mm 0.30 in
|
1 x 7.5 mm 0.30 in
|
1 x 7.5 mm 0.30 in
|
2 x 7.5 mm 0.30 in
|
Normal 1,411 lb 640 kg
Max. 1,764 lb 800 kg
|
|
DB-7B
Boston III
|
4 x 0.303 in 7.5 mm
|
2 x 0.303 in 7.5 mm
|
1 x 0.303 in 7.5 mm
|
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Normal 2,000 lb 908 kg
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|
A-20A
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4 x 0.30 in 7.5 mm
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2 x 0.30 in 7.5 mm
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1 x 0.30 in 7.5 mm
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2 x 0.30 in 7.5 mm
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Normal 1,600 lb 726 kg
|
|
A-20C
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4 x 0.30 in 7.5 mm
[6 x 0.50 in 12.5 mm]
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2 x 0.30 in 7.5 mm
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1 x 0.30 in 7.5 mm
|
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Normal 2,000 lb 908 kg
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|
Boston IIIA
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4 x 0.303 in 7.5 mm
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2 x 0.303 in 7.5 mm
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1 x 0.303 in 7.5 mm
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Normal 2,000 lb 908 kg
|
|
A-20G-20
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6 x 0.50 in 12.5 mm
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2 x 0.50 in 12.5 mm
|
1 x 0.50 in 12.5 mm
|
-
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Normal 2,000 lb 908 kg
Max. 4,000 lb 1,816 kg
|
|
P-70
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4 x 20 mm 0.75 in
|
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